- Class: 9th
- Subject: Social Science (History)
- Subject: Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
- Resources: Notes, Important Questions
Class 10 Social Science (History) Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution - Get notes here, questions for class 9th. Those candidates who are ambitious to pass class 9th with good marks, can check this article for notes, by practicing this resource, the candidates definitely get to know that their weak area and good for the exam How to prepare.
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Important Terms, Events, Dates and Persons
1. Women's suffragette movement: A movement to give women the right to vote.
2. Liberals; it was a group of thinkers, scholars and philosophers which wanted to change the society. Though they were not democrats, but they argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws interpreted by a well-trained independent judiciary.
3. Radicals: They favoured government based on the majority of a country's population.
4. Conservatives: They also wanted to transform the society but through a slow process. They believed that the past had to be respected.
5. Socialism: It is an economic system under which the means of production are controlled by the
society. The Socialists were against private property.
6. Second International: It was an international body formed by the socialists to coordinate various activities of the socialists at international level.
7. Collectivisation : Under this people collectively cultivated land.
8. Tsar: Russian emperor.
9. Socialist Revolutionary Party : It was a Russian political party formed in 1900 to struggle for peasants' rights, and demanded that land belonging to nobles be transferred to peasants.
10. Lenin: He was a revolutionary leader of Russia. He led the Bolshevik Revolution of Russia.
11. Jadidists: Muslim reformers within the Russian empire.
12. Duma: Russian Parliament which was created in 1905 for the first time.
13. Real wages: Reflects the quantities of goods which the wages will actually buy.
14. April Theses: Before the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Bolshevik leader, Lenin put forward three demands, le, peace, land be transferred to the peasants and banks be nationalised. These three demands were named as the April Theses.
15. Autonomy: The right to govern themselves.
16. Nomadism: Lifestyle of the people who migrate from one place to another to earn their living.
17. Tsar Nicholas II: He was an emperor of Russia. The Bolshevik Revolution broke out during his reign.
18. Bolshevik: A communist party of Russia which played an important Revolution role in the Russian.
19. Stalin: A Russian communist leader who introduced collectivisation programme.
20. Kulaks : Rich farmers of Russia.
21. Capitalism: It is an economic system under which the means of production are in the hands of
private individual or individuals.
22. 1898: The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was formed.
23. 1900: The Socialist Revolutionary Party was formed.
1905: The Bloody Sunday Incident
1914: The First World War
1917: The Bolshevik Revolution
Impact of the Russian revolution (i)Industrial Growth and Economic Development: The new government followed socialism. A New Economic Policy was adopted in 1921. Under this policy it was decided to develop the economy through Five-Year Plans. All the means of production were nationalised.
ii) Removal of poverty: With the growth of industrial and agricultural production, poverty started disappearing, and the country moved on to the path of prosperity.
(iii) Emergence of Russia as a World Power: The new government adopted the policy of economic development. The new policy promoted modern technology. It gave a boost to industry and agriculture. Economic and social policies adopted by the government made Russia not only a major power of Europe but of the whole world.
(iv) Promotion of Socialism and Communism: The Russian Revolution helped in the spread of socialism and communism in the world. The communist parties were formed in most countries of the world. Communist governments were established in many countries like Poland, East Germany.
LIBERALS Liberals: They argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, but did not believe in universal adult franchise. They felt that men of property should have the right to vote. They were in favour of giving privileges to the rich or the men of property.
REDICALSRadicals: They also argued for a representative elected parliamentary government, but believed in universal adult franchise. They felt all citizens should have the right to vote. They opposed the privileges of the rich or the men of property.
CONSERVATIVESConservatives : Conservatives were the supporters of the monarch or the old system. In the eighteenth century, conservatives had been generally opposed to the idea of change. By the nineteenth century, they accepted that some change was inevitable but believed that the past had to be respected and change had to be brought about through a slow process.
Social, Economic and political conditions Political conditions :
(1) Autocracy
(i) Tsar Nicholas II, during whose regime the Bolshevik Revolution broke out, was an inefficient and short-sighted person. He was a ruthless ruler having no concern with administration or the welfare of his subjects.
(ii) The Tsar was dominated by his German wife, Tsarina-Alexandra, who was under great influence of a hypocritical and corrupt saint Rasputin, the Holy Devil.
(iii) The common masses or their representatives had no participation in the political system of the country.
(2) Different groups :
Different types of groups were prevailing in Russia. Liberals, radicals, conservatives and socialists were the most important. Both liberals and radicals were against the dynastic rulers. Conservatives were in favour of the dynastic rule. The Socialists wanted that means of production should be controlled by the government. They were against the private property.
(3) Workers organisations :
There were many workers organisations. Though all were illegal, but they had an impact on the political system of Russia. The Socialist Revolutionary Party which was formed in 1900 was the most important. It was divided into two parties, i.e., the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. The Bolsheviks were responsible for the 1917 revolution.
Economics conditions
(i) Agrarian economy and poor condition of the peasants: At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 85% of Russian population earned their living from agriculture. Most of the land was owned by rich people.
(ii) Poor condition of workers : Most of the industry was controlled by the private individuals. In craft units, and small workshops, the working day was sometimes 15 hours. Most of the workers were working and living in poor conditions. Most of the workers were ill paid.
(iii) Unemployment: Unemployment rate was very high. The rich Indus trialists were exploiting the workers.
(iv) High prices : Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20%.
(v) Condition of women: Most of the women were working in small factories. Women made up about 31% of the factory labour force. They were paid less wages, and were forced to work for long hours. When they launched an agitation, they were fired at by the police.
February RevolutionMain events :
1. On 22nd February 1917 a lockout took place at a factory, and women procession.
2. On 25th February Government pended the Duma.
3. On the 26th and 27th February: A general strike of workers which was soon joined by soldiers.
4. 2nd March-Tsar abdicated. Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government.
Effects:
i) The fall of the autocratic Tsar.
ii) Restrictions on public meetings associations removed. Leader: Kerensky.
October revolution
Main events :
1. April 1917 Bolshevik leader Lenin returned to Russia.
2. July-Demonstration by the Bolsheviks against the Provisional Government.
3. July-September: Peasants seized land from the rich landlords.
16th october 1917: Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power. 24th October : The Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd.
Effects:
(i) Fall of Provisional Government Russia adopted socialism
(ii) Peace Leader: Lenin.
Bolsheviks
1. Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the party.
2. Lenin thought that in a repressive society like the Tsarist Russia, the party should be disciplined, and should control the number and quality members. of its
3. They wanted to transform Russian society through revolution.
Mensheviks1.Alexander Kerensky was the leader of the party.
2. This party was liberal
and open to all.
3. They wanted to trans form the society through education and reforms among the workers.
2. This party was liberal
and open to all.
3. They wanted to trans form the society through education and reforms among the workers.
1905 Russian reasons revolution (i)Autocratic rule: Russia was under the autocratic rule of the Tsars. The Tsar Nicholas II was an inefficient and corrupt ruler.
(ii) Role of Liberals and Socialists: Both Liberals and Socialists were against the dynastic rule. They worked with peasants and workers to demand a constitution. They were being supported by Jadidists.
(iii) Strike of the workers: The year 1904 was a bad year for the Russian workers. Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20%. So there was a strike by the workers. They demanded reduction in working hours, an increase in wages and improvement in the working conditions.
(iv) Bloody Sunday: The incident of Bloody Sunday in which more than 100 workers were killed became the turning point. It led to an all Russia strike. Lawyers, doctors, engineers and others demanded constituent assembly.
Impact of first world war (i)War period: The First World War was fought from 1914-1918. At the initial stage due to the anti German sentiments, war was popular.
(ii) Loss of Russia: Russia was losing the war at all fronts. It lost the war against Germany and Austria.
(iii) Heavy Causalities : By February 1917 more than 7 million soldiers had been killed. In order to increase the strength of the army, farmers and workers were forcibly recruited to the army.
(iv) Destruction of crops and houses: As the army retreated, it destroyed crops and buildings to prevent the enemy . The destruction of crops and led to over 3 million refugees in Russia. The situation discredited the government and the Tsar. Soldiers did not wish to fight such a war.
(v) Impact on industry: The War also had a severe impact on industry. Russia's own industries were few in number, and the country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods by the German control of the Baltic Sea. Industrial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than elsewhere in Europe. By 1916, railway lines began to break down. Able-bodied men were called up to the war. As a result, there were Labour shortage essential were shut down.
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