Political Science Class 12 Notes Chapter 10
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Challenges of Nation Building
- Class: 12th
- Subject: Social Science (Political Science)
- Topic: Challenges of Nation Building
- Resources: Notes, Important Questions
Class 12 Social Science (Political science ) -Challenges to Nation Building Get notes here, questions for class 12th. Those candidates who are ambitious to pass class 12 with good marks, can check this article for notes, by practicing this resource, the candidates get to know that their weak areas and good for the exam How to prepare.
Challenges for the New NationIndia became independent in August 1947 immediately after independence, there were three challenging nation building
1.The first and the immediate challenge was to shape nation that was united, yet accommodative of the diversity existing in the society and eradication of poverty and unemployment.
2.The second challenge was to establish democracy.
3. The third challenge was to ensure the development and well-being of the entire society and not only of some sections.
Partition: Displacement and Rehabilitation
1.On 14th to 15th August, 1947, two nation-states India and Pakistan came into existence. Lakhs of people from both sides lost their homes, lives and properties and became victim of communal violence.
2. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan also known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’ was the undisputed leader of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). Despite his opposition NWFP was merged with Pakistan.
3. The portion of Punjab and Bengal caused the deepest trauma of partition.iii) Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan also known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’ was the undisputed leader of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). Despite his opposition NWFP was merged with Pakistan.
4.The portion of Punjab and Bengal caused the deepest trauma of partition.
Consequences of Partition
(i) The year 1947 was the year of one of the largest, most abrupt, unplanned and tragic transfer of population of human history is known.
(ii) Minorities on both sides of the border fled their home and secured temporary shelter in ‘refugee camps’.
(iii) Women were often abducted, raped, attacked, and killed. They were forcefully converted to other religion.
(iv) Political and administrative machinery failed on both sides.
(v) There was huge loss of lives and property. Communal violence was on its culmination.
Integration of Princely States
(i) There were two types of provinces in British India-The British Indian Provinces (directly under the control of the British Government) and Princely states (governed by Indian princes) .
(ii) Immediately after independence there were almost 565 princely states. Many of them joined Indian Union.
(iii) Travancore, Hyderabad, Kashmir and Manipur initially refused to join Indian Union.
Instrument Of Accession
1.The rulers of most of the states signed a document called the 'Instrument of Accession' which meant that their state became a part of the Union of India.
2.The princely states of Junagadh, Hyderabad, Kashmir and Manipur proved more difficult than the rest.
3.Issue of Junagadh was resolved after a confirmation of people's desire to join India.
Hyderabad
1.Hyderabad, the largest of the princely states, was surrounded entirely by Indian territories such as Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
The people of Hyderabad started agitation against the Nizam's rule.
2.Women were also part of the movement.
3.The Telangana region in particular was a victim of Nizam's oppressive rule and rose against him.
4.The Communists and Hyderabad Congress were in the forefront of the movement.
5.The Nizam responded by releasing a paramilitary force known as Razakars on the people. Razakars committed a lot of atrocities on the people. They murdered, raped and looted, targeting the non-muslims.
6.In September 1948 Indian Army moved in to control of the Nizam's forces and finally after a few days Nizam surrendered. This led to the accession of Hyderabad to India.
Manipur
- A few days before independence the Maharaja of Manipur Bodhachandra Singh signed the Instrument of Accession with the Indian government.
- Under the pressure of public opinion, Maharaja made the state a constitutional monarchy and it became the first state to hold elections under Universal Adult Franchises.
- But there was a sharp difference over the merger of Manipur, the government of India pressurized Maharaja into signing an agreement in September 1949.
Reorganization of States
1.During the national movement Indian National Congress recognized the demand and need of state reorganization on linguistic basis.
2..In December 1952 Andhra Pradesh was created on linguistic basis.
3.The Government of India appointed the States Reorganization Commission in 1953.
4.This commission accepted that the boundaries of the state should reflect different languages.
5. On the basis of the commission's report the States Reorganization Act was passed in 1956. This led to the creation of 14 States and 6 Union Territories.
Patel and National Integration
1.At the time of independence, integrating all the princely states was a big challenge for the national unity and integrity of India.
2.Sardar Patel undertook this difficult task of uniting all 565 princely states of India.
3.He was known as an 'Iron Man' of India, Patel's approach was very clear. He was not at all in favour of any compromise with the territorial integrity of India.
4.By his political experience and foresightedness, out of India's 565 princely states, many states had already given their consent to merge with India even before achieving independence.
4.Sardar Patel faced key challenges to integrate three states, viz. Hyderabad, Junagarh and Kashmir.
5.It was under his leadership that Indian forces compelled two states Hyderabad and Junagadh to merge with India.
6.Keeping well versed with Jinnah's divisive 'Two Nation Theory', Sardar Patel's opinion on Kashmir was different from other leaders.
7.Like Hyderabad and Junagadh he also wanted Kashmir's integration with India through military operations. But due to many reasons, Sardar could not succeed in integrating Kashmir fully with India.
8.However, Sardar Patel will always remain as an notable leader who has the features of a true 'Nationalist', 'Catalyst' and 'Realist' - popularly characterised as NCR in Indian political history.
Keywords
Two Nations Theory:
It was propounded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to create a separate state for Muslims.
British Indian Provinces:
The Indian provinces which were directly under the British government before independence.
Princely States:
States ruled by Princes who enjoyed some form of control over their state's internal affairs under the British supremacy.
Razakars:
A para-military force of Nizam was sent to respond to the people's movement which had no bounds.
Nizam:
Ruler of Hyderabad was titled as Nizam who was world's richest person.
State Reorganization Commission:
It was appointed in 1953 to look into the matter to redraw the boundaries of states.
Instrument of Accession :
A document signed by rulers of states when they agreed to become part of Indian Union.
Bifurcation :
Division of something into branches or parts.