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| Resources and development |
- Class: 10th
- Subject: Social Science (Geography)
- Subject: Resources and Development
- Resources: Notes, Important Questions
'Resources':
Everything available in our environment that can be used to meet our needs is called resource. It should be technically accessible, economically viable and culturally acceptable.
Examples: minerals, forests, fossil fuels etc.
Classification of resources:
(a) On the basis of origin: Biotic and abiotic.
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility : renewable and non-renewable.
(c) On the basis of ownership: individual (individual), community, national and international.
(d) On the basis of status and development: potential, developed, reserve and stock.
On the basis of origin
Biotic Resources: Bio resources are derived from the biosphere. They have life or have living resources, e.g., humans, fisheries, forests, etc.
Abiotic Resources:Inorganic resources include all non-living things, eg, rocks and minerals.
On the basis of exhaustibility
Renewable resources:
Resources that can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical, and mechanical processes are known as renewable or reusable resources, eg, water, wildlife, forests, solar energy, wind power, etc.
Non-renewable resources
Resources that are exhausted once cannot be remaked. They take a long geological period, that is, they take millions of years to form, eg, minerals, fossil fuels, etc.
On the basis of ownership
Individual resources: Owned by individuals, eg, own land, house.
Community-owned resources: resources that are accessible to all members of the community, eg, parks, playgrounds;
National resources: resources that belong to the nation, eg, roads, railways
International resources: resources that no individual country can use, e.g., ocean waters beyond 200 km.
On the basis of status and development
Potential Resources: Resources found in an area but not in use, eg, solar energy in Rajasthan and wind energy in Gujarat.
Developed Resources : These are resources which have surveyed and determined for utilization.
Stock: Resources are available, but not a suitable technique to use, for example, the lack of technology suggests how to use hydrogen and oxygen as sources of energy.
Reserve: subset of stock. Can be used for future needs, eg, water in dams, forest resources.
Sustainable development:
Sustainable economic development means that development should take place without harming the environment and development in the present should not compromise future needs'.
Land under important relief facilities in India:
Plains-43%, Mountains-30%, Plateaus-27%
land degradation:
Prolonged continuous use of land without taking appropriate measures for its conservation and management.
Measures to solve the problem of land degradation:
Proper management of grazing to control deforestation, overgrazing planting of plant shelter belts, stabilization of sand dunes from growing thorny bushes, control of mining activities, avoidance of irrigation and overuse of fertilizers and pesticides.
Soil erosion:
Mud erosion occurs by covering and subsequently washing the soil. The causes of soil erosion include-
(A) Human activities such as deforestation, grazing on construction, faulty method of mining etc.;
(b) Natural forces such as wind, glacier and water flow.
Types of erosion:
(a) Street erosion. The flowing water cuts through the soil and deep channels are known as lanes. This makes the land a degraded land and in the Chambal Basin such land is known as a ravine.
(b) Gully erosion. The running water cuts through the soil and deep channels are known as gullies.
Ways to prevent soil erosion in hilly areas:
Plowing-contour plowing along contour lines; Roof cultivation; Strip farming and shelter belt.
Soil and its types:
Alluvial soil: The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil. Especially found in the eastern coastal plains in the delta of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri rivers. The fertile soil is, therefore, fit for agricultural purpose. Alluvial soil areas are densely cultivated and densely populated. Potash is rich in phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the development of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereals and pulses crops.
Two types of Soil : Khadar and Bhangar.
Black soil: Black in color and also known as Regur soil. Ideal for growing cotton and also known as black cotton soil. Also found in the plateaus of Godavari and Krishna valleys of Gujarat , Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh in Maharashtra. Very fine, material made of clay. Famous for its ability to hold moisture. Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
Red and yellow soil: found in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. Odisha is also found in parts of Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the central Gangetic Plain and the Piedmont region of the Western Ghats. Developing a red pigment due to the diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
Lateite soil: develops in areas with high temperatures and heavy rainfall. Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and is found in the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.
Arid soil: found in western parts of Rajasthan. After proper irrigation, this soil becomes cultivable. Lack of moisture and moisture because dry climates, high temperatures evaporate rapidly. The amount of salt is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating water.
Forest soil: found in hilly and hilly areas where adequate rain forests are available. Convenience varies by location. Coarse granular and silky in valley ridges and upper slopes. Silt is fertile in the lower parts of the valleys, especially in river terraces and alluvial fans.
Bad Land :It is a land which is unsuitable for cultivation. Mainly soil erosion converts a fertile land into a bad land
Gully Erosion: Gully erosion takes place when running water cuts deep ravine in the absence of vegetation. This type of erosion makes the plant for cultivation
Land Degradation :Rendering the land unfit for cultivation is called degradation .
Man made Resources: These are those resources which are created by human beings with the help of machines
Ravines : A narrow valley created by the action of running water.
Question Bank :
Q. What is a Resource ? Give two examples.
Ans. Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as Resource Coal, water, air, minerals, etc. are some examples of resource.
Q. How can the resources be classified on the basis of origin ? [CBSE 2010]
Ans. Biotic and abiotic.
Q. What are abiotic resources ?[CBSE 2014]
Ans. All those things which are composed of non living things are called abiotic resources.
Q.What is wasteland ?
Ans.An unused area of land like rocky ,arid and desert areas,
Q. Name any two states where over grazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation.
Ans. 1. Madhya Pradesh 2 Rajasthan
Q. Define is soil erosion?
Ans. The removal of soil by forces of nature, particularly, wind and water
Q. In which region shelter belts are made to protect land from degradation?
Ans. In Arid regions
Q. Where in India bad land topography is commonly found?
Ans. Chambal basin.
Q. State the role of terrace cultivation in hilly areas.
Ans. Terrace cultivation is practiced in hilly areas along the line of slope and reduces the speed of water and ultimately avoids soil erosion.
Q. Mention any two factors which have contributed in the development of various types of soils.
Ans. (1) Varied relief features (i) Varied climatic conditions.
Q. The entire northern plains are made of alluvial soils'. Name the rivers due to which the soils have been deposited.
Ans. The Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra.
Q. Name a mineral in which the black soil is poor.
Ans. Phosphoric contents.
Q.Name any two states where over irrigation Is responsible for land degradation ?
Ans. Punjab and Haryana
Q . Name any two states where mining is responsible for land degradation
Ans. Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh
Q. How over irrigation leads to degradation ?
Ans. Over irrigation degrades land due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity of the soil
Q. Suggest any two ways degradation [CBSE 2013, 14)
Ans. (1) Afforestation (10) Proper management of grazing
Q. Mention any two factors which have contributed in the development of various types of soils.
Ans. (i) Varied relief features. (11) Varied climatic conditions
Q. How can the alluvial soil be classified according to their age ?
Ans.
(i) Khadar
(ii) Bangar
Q. Out of Khadar and Bangar soils which is more fertile ? Give one reason.
Ans. Khadar soil is more fertile because it has more fine particles
Q. Name any two minerals present In alluvial soil which makes It ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereals.
Ans. Potash and lime.
Q. Name one important crop cultivated in:
(1) Alluvial soil (2) Black soil
Ans. Alluvial -Wheat Black -Cotton
Q. What do resources mean?
Ans. Everything available in our environment which in technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable and can satisfy our needs is known resources .
Q. What does the process of transformation ?
Ans. The process of transformation of things involve an interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions.
Q. How can resources be classified on the basis of exhaustibility?
Ans. On the basis of exhaustibility, resources can be classified into renewable and non-renewable an resources.
Q. Give some examples of community-owned resources of things involve?
Ans. Public parks, picnic spots, burial grounds, village ponds, playgrounds, etc are examples of community owned resources.
Q. Define national resources.
Ans. All resources within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (222 km from the coast of a country are known as national resources.
Q. Give some examples of national resources.
Ans. Root, canal, dame, railways, all the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife and land within the political boundaries of the country.
Q. What are international resources?
Ans. The pronoun which are out of control of any other country of the world and can be used by the international community are known an international resources
Q. Which type of resource is iron ore?
Ans. Non-renewable resource
Q. Under which of the following type of resource can tidal energy be put?
Ans. Replenishable resource.
Q. What factors have contributed in the development of various types of soils in India?
Ans. On the basis of the factors responsible for soil formation, le colour, thickness, texture, chemical and physical properties, the soils of India can be classified in different types .
Q. Which in the most widely spread and important soil of India?
Ans. varied relief features, landforms, climatic realms and vegetation types have contributed the development of various types of soils in India.
Q. According to their age in how many categories can alluvial soil be classified?
Ans. According to their age, alluvial soils can be classified New alluvial (Khadar) and old alluvial (Bhangar)
Q. Mention the area of red and yellow soil.
Ans. Red and yellow soils are found in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau, parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain.
Q. In which areas are forest soils found?
Ans. Forest soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rainforests available.
Q. What is badland or ravines? In India badlands are found in which river basin?
Ans. In the area of gully erosion the land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land India, badlands are found in the Chambal river basin and such lands are called ravines .
Q. What is contour ploughing?
Ans. Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slop. This called contour ploughing,
Important long questions:
1.What is resource planning ? Mention the steps which are involved in resource planning.
Or
Explain the three steps involved in the resource planning in India.
2.Explain the classification of resources on the basis of origin.
Or
Give two examples of abiotic resources.
3. Explain the classification of resources on the basis of exhaustibility.
4.Explain the classification of resources on the basis of ownership.
5.Explain the classification of resources on the basis of the status of development.
6.Distinguish between Khadar and Bhangar.
7.Which soil is called 'regur soil'? Mention any four characteristics of this type of soil.
8.Mention any five features of the arid soils.
Or
Name the soil type which is widely found in Western Rajasthan. Explain two important characteristics of this soil type which make it unsuitable for cultivation.
9.What is soil conservation ? Explain any three methods of soil conservation suitable to Indian conditions
10.Explain any three steps taken to solve the problem of land degradation in India.
11.Explain any four reasons responsible for land degradation in India.
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Geography class 10th
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