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| The Rise of Nationalism in Europe |
- Class: 10th
- Subject: Social Science (History)
- Topic: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
- Resource: Notes, Important Questions
Class 10 Social Science (History) The Rise of Nationalism in Europe – Get here the Notes, Question for Class 10 Nationalism in India. Candidates who are ambitious to qualify the Class 10 with good score can check this article for Notes, By practicing this resources candidates definitely get the idea of which his/her weak areas and how to prepare well for the examination.
Introduction
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Napoleon |
Napoleonic Code
The Civil Code of 1804 was also known Napoleonic Code
Features :
- It did away with all privileges based on birth.
- It established equality before law and secured the right to property.
Three division
1. Aristocracy
2. Peasant
3. Middle class
Liberal Nationalism in Europe
- The ideology of liberalism was an important factor which promoted the sense of nationalism, and the nation-state. The term, liberalism has been derived from the Latin word. 'liber' meaning free". Different people interpreted the meaning of liberalism differently in their own way.
- For the new middle classes liberalism stood for the freedom of the individual and equality of all before the law.
- Politically, it meant the concept of government by consent.
- For some, it meant having the right of private property
- In the economic sphere. liberalism stood for the freedom of markets. The traders demanded free movement of goods and capital.
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| Treaty of Vienna |
"Treaty of Vienna" of 1815
- The basic objective of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was to undo most of the changes that had come about in Europe.
- In The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
- A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent the French
- expansion in future. Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
- Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy.
The European governments driven by a spirit of conservatism
Basic beliefs:
Conservatives believed that established traditional institutions of state and society-like the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved.
Belief in modernisation:
Most conservatives however did not propose a return to the society of pre revolutionary days. They realised from the changes initiated by Napoleon that modernisation could, in fact, strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy.
Ways to strengthen autocratic rule:
Because of a modern and efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.
Vienna Congress of 1815:
In 1815, representatives of the European powers met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.
Idea of liberty and freedom:
They did not tolerate criticism and dissent and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs.
Economic hardship in Europe faced in the 1830
- Rapid increase in population during the first half of the nineteenth century which led to widespread unemployment.
- Migration of rural people to the cities further made the situation worse.
- Small scale producers in towns sometimes faced with stiff competition from rural areas where population was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops.
- Peasants suffered because of less facilities, feudal dues and obligations, bad harvest.
- Due to population, the demand of food increased. It led to the rise of food prices.
Giuseppe Mazzini
The revolutionary (Giuseppe Mazzini)
- Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary
- He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari.
- He attempted a revolution in Liguria, but was captured and sent into exile in 1831.
- He subsequently founded the secret societies, ie,
- Young Italy in Marseilles.
- Young Europe in Berne.
- The societies had a vast base with members from many countries like Poland, France, Italy and the German States.
- Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.
- Following his model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy, and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives.
Germany
German unification
Frankfurt Parliament 1848:
Unification under the leadership of Prussia:
The liberal initiative of nation building were represented by the monarchy and big landlords of Prussia. From them on Prussia took the initiative to unify Germany.
Role of Bismarck:
Bismarck was convinced that the unification of Germany could not be only achieved by the princes, not by the common people. He wanted to achieve his aim by merging Prussia into Germany.
Three wars:
Bismarck's objective was to unify Germany was accomplished by three wars with Austria, Denmark and France which were fought during a period of seven years.
Unification of Germany:
These wars were ended with the victory of Prussia which helped in completing the process of German unification. On 18th January, 1871, in the Royal Palace of Versailles, the King of Prussia.
Italy
Italy unification
Italy
Role of Giuseppe Mazzini :
He was the leader of the Republican party. While in exile in 1831, he founded a new association called the Young Italy.
It was a secret society which was formed to bring about the regeneration of Italy through education.
Though there were two revolutionary uprisings, one in 1831 and the other in 1848, for the Unification of Italy, but they both failed.
Role of Cavour :
Cavour became the Chief Minister of Piedmont in 1852. His main aim was to affect the emancipation of Italy from Austria.
He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. But he is known as the real maker of Italy'. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France, he succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
Role of Giuseppe Garibaldi :
Garibaldi was the hero of Red Shirts, revolutionary movement. In 1860, he marched into South Italy and the kingdom of two Sicilia's, and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.
Victor Emmanuel II :
In 1861, the first Italian parliament representing the whole of Italy excepting Rome and Venetia, assembled in Turin which formally conferred upon Victor Emmanuel II, the title of the King of Italy.
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Britain |
Unification of Britain
Economic prosperity:
The revolution helped in the economic prosperity of the English nation With the help of trade and wealth, it succeeded in extending its influence over other nations of the Island.
Role of Parliament:
The English Parliament, which had seed power from the monarchy in 1688 at the end of a protracted industrial conflict, was the instrument through which a nation state, with England at its center.
The Act of Union :
The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom.
Incorporation of Ireland into the United Kingdom:
Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801 under the Act of Union, 1801. Before its incorporation, the country was deeply divided between the Catholics and the Protestants.
National Symbols:
A new 'British nation symbols of the new Britain-the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem ( God Save Our Noble King), the English language-were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.
The Balkans
Balkan region:
The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
Explosive region:
A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
Intense conflicts:
As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict
Internal conflicts:
The Balkan states were jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of other. Balkans also became an area of big power rivalry.
Series of wars:
European powers like Russia, Germany, England, Austro Hungary were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally, the First World War.
Revision chart
The French Revolution and the idea of the Nation
- The French Revolution in 1789 marked the age of revolutions in Europe.
- It paved the way to achieve bigger goals of national identity and national pride which can be called nationalism.
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
- Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies.
- Industrialisation began in France and new social groups came into being.
- Conservatism was a political philosophy that highlighted the significance of tradition, set up institutions and customs.
The Age of Revolution
- The period between 1830-1848 is symbolised with the age of revolution.
- The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as a free nation.
- Culture and language played a major role in creativity the idea of a nation.
- The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe,
- A revolution in 1848 led by liberals demanded for national unification.
Nationalism and Imperialism
- Europe was marked with lots of chaos and turmoil.
- After 1871, there was an important change in the concept of nationalism in Europe.
Visualising the Nation
- A symbol is a visual image that depicts something other than itself. It may be depicted using an object, picture, written words, sound or a particular mark.
- During revolution, artists depicted a nation like a person. This personification provided like to an abstract concept like nation.
- Also female figure became an allegory of the nation.
Unification of Italy
- French, Austria and Popes had control ever some Italian states.
- Northern Italy was controlled by Count Cavour .
- Southern Italy was controlled by Garibaldi.
- Rome joined Italy
Unification of Germany
- Russia led German unification supported by German population and strong army.
- Bismarck took control.
- Victory of Prussia over Denmark, Austria and France Prussians won the respect of other German
- People accepted Prussian leadership.
Question Bank
Q. Mention any two Impacts of peasant uprising of 1848 in France?
Ans. 1. In A National Assembly proclaimed a Republic
2. The Assembly granted suffrage to all adult males about 21.
Q. Why was Frankfurt Parliament rejected by the Wilhelm IV, king of Prussia ?
Ans Because the members had drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a Parliament.
Q. Name the chief minister who was the architect of German unification.
Ans. Otto Von Bismarck .
Q. Name the countries which were involved in the Seven Years War (1864-70).
Ans. Austria, Denmark, France with Germany
Q. Who was proclaimed the German Emperor in 1871?
Ans. The Prussian king. William I.
Q. Name the Italian state of the middle of 19th century which was ruled by an Italian princely house.
Ans. Sardinia - Piedmont .
Q. What was Young Italy ?
Ans. It was a secret society formed by Giuseppe Mazzini for the unification of Italy .
Q. Who were the chief architects of the unification of Italy ?
Ans. Giuseppe Mazzini, King Victor Emmanuel Il and Cavour.
Q. Who was proclaimed king of united Italy in 1861.
Ans. Victor Emmanuel II .
Q. Name any two Italian states before its unification.
Ans. Kingdom of Sicilies, Papal states
Q. When was Ireland incorporated into the United kingdom ?
Ans.1801.
Q. What was the Act of Union ?
Ans, The Act of Union (1707) was an act between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
Q. Name any two secret societies formed by Giuseppe Mazzini?
Ans (i) Young Italy in Marseilles (ii) Young Europe in Berne.
Q. Who was Otto Von Bismarck?
Ans. Otto Von Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia and was the architect of the unification of Germany.
Q. Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?
Ans. The Prussian King, William
Q. Who were the chief architects of the unification of Italy?
Ans. Giuseppe Mazzini, King Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour.
Q. Name the important leaders who contributed a lot for the unification of Italy.
Ans. Garibaldi, Cavour and Mazzini.
Q. What is the National Anthem of New Britain?
Ans. God save our noble king
Question Bank :
1. When did French Revolution take place? Explain its impact on Europe?
2. Why were the European government driven by the spirit of conservatism?
3. Analysis the theme of Frédéric sorrieu paintings?
4. Explain any four provisions of Napoleon civil code 1804?
5. Why did nationalist tension emerge in the Balkan?
6. What were the major proposals of the Vienna Congress?
7. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? Explain the role of unification of Italy?
8. Describe the unification of Germany?
9. Compare the views of liberal and conservative?
10. Briefly explain the process of the unification of Britain?
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