Class VII Social Science

 

Class VII

HISTORY

Class 7 

 Chapter 2

 New Kings And Kingdoms

1. Match the following:

Ans: Gurjara-Pratiharas ⇒Gujarat and Rajasthan

Rashtrakutas ⇒Western Deccan

Palas ⇒Bengal

Cholas⇒ Tamil Nadu

2. Who were the parties involved in the “tripartite struggle”?

Ans: Three parties were involved in the “tripartite struggle” and fought for control over Kanauj. These three parties were the Gurjara-Pratiharas, Rashtrakutas and Pala dynasties.

3. What were the qualifications necessary to become a member of a committee of the sabha in the Chola empire?

Ans: The following qualifications were necessary for becoming a member of the sabha in the Chola empire :

a. To become members of the sabha, one should be the owner of the land from which land revenue is collected and should have their own home.

b. One should be aged between 35 years to 70 years of age and should have knowledge of the Vedas.

c. One should be honest and well-versed in administrative matters.

4. What were the two major cities under the control of the Chahamanas?

Ans: The two major cities that were under the control of the Chahamanas were Delhi and Ajmer.

5. How did the Rashtrakutas become powerful?

Ans: The Rashtrakutas in the Deccan were the subordinate to the Chalukyas of Karnataka. It was during the mid-8th century when Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief, overthrew his Chalukya overlord and performed a ritual called ‘Hiranya-garbha’ with the help of Brahmanas. 

6. What did the new dynasties do to gain acceptance?

Ans: To gain acceptance, the new dynasties took on new titles and performed religious rituals to become a part of the Kshatriyas. They were regarded as the subordinates or Samantas by their overloads and later declared themselves to be maha-Samanta after gaining power and wealth. 

7. What kind of irrigation works were developed in the Tamil region?

Ans: During the fifth or sixth century, the areas near the Kaveri river in Tamil Nadu were opened up for large-scale cultivation. The irrigation works that were developed in the Tamil region led to the development of water channels for agriculture. 

8. What were the activities associated with Chola temples?

Ans: Chola temples were centres of craft production and often became the nuclei of settlements, which grew around them. The Chola temples were not only places of worship but also the hub of economic, social and cultural life. 

Chapter 3

The Delhi Sultans

1. Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?

Ans: Ananga Pala (Tomaras) of the Rajput Dynasty first established his capital at Delhi.

2. What was the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans?

Ans: The language of administration under the Delhi Sultans was Persian.

3. In whose reign did the Sultanate reach its farthest extent?

Ans: During the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, the Sultanate reached its farthest extent and had marched across a large part of the subcontinent. They defeated the rival armies and seized several cities. 

4. From which country did Ibn Battuta travel to India?

Ans: Ibn Battuta was a fourteenth-century traveler who came to India from Morocco, Africa.

5. According to the “circle of justice”, why was it important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind?

Ans: According to the “circle of justice”, it was important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind, because the salaries of the military commanders came from the revenue collected from peasants. 

6. What is meant by the “internal” and “external” frontiers of the Sultanate?

Ans: The “internal” frontiers of the Sultanate means the consolidation of the hinterlands of the garrison towns. 

The “external” frontiers of the Sultanate meant the military expeditions into southern parts of India, which started during the reign of Alauddin Khalji .

7. What were the steps taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties? Why do you think they may have wanted to defy the orders of the Sultans?

Ans: 

a. To lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in their iqtas.

b. The muqtis had to collect the revenues of their assignments as salary in exchange for their military services and had to pay their soldiers from these revenues.

c. Control over muqtis was most effective if their office was not inheritable and if they were assigned iqtas for a short period of time before being shifted.

8. What was the impact of the Mongol invasions on the Delhi Sultanate?

Ans: Mongol attacks on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and in the early years of Muhammad Tughluq’s rule.

 Chapter 4

 The Mughal Empire

1. What were the central provinces under the control of the Mughals?

Ans: 

The central provinces under the control of the Mughals were Delhi, Kabul, Mewar, Sindh, Marwar, Gujarat, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Chittor and Deccan.

2. What was the relationship between the mansabdar and the jagir?

Ans: 

1.Mansabdar received their salaries as revenue assignments called jagirs which were somewhat like iqtas.

2. The Mansabdar did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs, rather they only had the rights to the revenue of their assignments. 

3. What was the role of the zamindar in Mughal administration?

Ans: 

‘Zamindar’ was a term used by the Mughals to describe all intermediaries, whether the local headmen of a village or any powerful chieftain. 

4. Why did the Mughals emphasise their Timurid and not their Mongol descent?

Ans: 

From their mother’s side, the Mughals were descendants of Genghis Khan (died 1227), the Mongol ruler who ruled over parts of China and Central Asia. From their father’s side, they were the successors of Timur (died 1404), the ruler of Iran, Iraq and modern-day Turkey. 

5. How important was the income from land revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?

Ans: 

The income from land revenue played an important role in establishing stability in the Mughal Empire. It strengthened the economic system of the Empire. 

6. Why was it important for the Mughals to recruit mansabdars from diverse backgrounds and not just Turanis and Iranis?

Ans:

 a. The problems of common folks would be understood better by the people living with them.

b. Mughal also didn’t want people to rebel against them on the issue of privileges to Turanis and Iranis.

Chapter 5

 Rulers And Buildings 

1. How is the “trabeate” principle of architecture different from the “arcuate”?

Ans: 

The “trabeate” principle of architecture is different from the “arcuate”. In the trabeate principle of architecture, roofs, doors and windows were made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns.

2. What is a shikhara?

Ans: 

The highest roof of a Hindu temple is called a ‘Shikhara’. The Rajarajeshvara temple at Thanjavur had the tallest shikhara among the temples of its time. 

3. What are the elements of a Mughal chahar Bagh garden?

Ans: 

• Char Bagh gardens were gardens placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into four quarters by artificial channels. 
• These gardens were called ‘Chahar Bagh’ i.e., four gardens because of their symmetrical division into quarters. 
• The chahar Bagh garden also had a variation that historians describe as the “riverfront garden”. 

4. How did a temple communicate the importance of a king?

Ans: 

Temples were constructed as places of worship and are meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion of the patron. The temples were miniature models of the world ruled by the king and his allies. 

For example, the Rajarajeshvara temple was built by King Rajarajadeva for the worship of his god, Rajarajeshvaram. 

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