 |
| Class IX Work |
 |
| Economics |
Lesson 2
People as a resource
1. What do you understand by people as a source'?
Or
"People are the greatest resource that a country has". Explain.
Or
Why is the human resource important for development ? Explain.
Ans
(1) It is a way of referring to a country's working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. Land, capital and natural resources, etc. form the important resources of a country because these help in further production
(2) Countries like China, Japan etc have achieved a high growth rate due to human capital.
(3)A skilled and trained person generates more than uneducated and unskilled worker.
2. What is the role of education in human capital formation?
Ans.
(1) Education is one of the main factors of economic and social development.
(2)Education helps in increasing the mental horizon of the people, and is a must to develop human personality.
(3)Education helps in the development of science and technology.
(4) Education encourages economic development through greater participation of the people in the affairs of the country.
(5)Education increases the efficiency of the workers.
3. What is the role of health in human capital formation?
[CBSE Sept. 2011)
Ans.
(1) Health does not mean survival only. It involves not only the physical fitness of the individual but also his mental, economic and social well-being.
(2)In Good health increases the efficiency of a worker.
(3) Good health increases the learning capacity of a worker.
4. What are the various activities undertaken in the primary, secondary and the tertiary sectors?
Ans.
(i) Primary activities: All the activities that are associated directly with land and water such as animal husbandry, forestry, fisheries, mining, etc. are known as primary activities.
Primary occupations have a direct link with nature of physical environment. Most of the people of developing, under developing and under developed countries are employed in primary occupations.
(ii) Secondary activities: These are those activities in which people are engaged in the manufacturing process. In the secondary activities primary goods are used to produce some other commodities, manually or by machines. things
Example Production of bread from wheat, a car from steel, a book from paper, etc.
(iii) Tertiary activities: These are those activities which provide services to the primary and secondary activities. These services increase efficiency of the workers of primary and the secondary sectors.
Education, health, transport, communication, banking, insurance, administration, etc. are some of the examples of tertiary activities
5. What are the reasons for educated unemployment in urban areas?
[CBSE Sept. 2010)
Ans.
(1)This is mainly found in urban areas
(2) Many youth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees are not able to find a job.
(3) A study showed that unemployment among graduates and post-graduates has increased faster than among the matriculates.
(4) A paradoxical manpower situation is witnessed as surplus manpower in certain categories co-exists with the shortage of manpower in others.
(5) There is unemployment among technically qualified persons on one hand, while there is a dearth of technical skills required for economic growth.
6. What is the difference between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment ?
Ans. Disguised unemployment:
1. It is a type of unemployment under which people appear to be
employed, but actually they are not.
2. It is mostly found in agriculture.
3. It is mainly found in rural areas.
Seasonal unemployment
1. It is a type of unemployment under workers which are employed only for a particular season.
2. It is mostly found in agro industries. based
3. It is found both in rural as well as urban areas.
7.Why are women employed in low paid work ?
[CBSE Sept, 2010, 11, 12]
Ans. (i) Most of the women workers lack basic training and skill so they are paid low wages.
(ii) Most of them are not ready to work outside their domestic domain.
(iii) Various activities relating to legal protection of women is meagre.
(iv) Literacy level among women is also very low.
Lesson 3
Economics
Poverty as a challenge
1.Discuss the major dimensions of poverty.
Ans.
(i) Poverty means hunger and lack of shelter.
(ii) It is a situation in which parents are not able to send their children to school or a situation where sick people cannot afford treatment.
(iii) Poverty also means lack of clean water and sanitation facilities.
(iv) It also means lack of a regular job at a minimum decent level.
2. Mention any four causes of poverty in India.
[CBSE March 2011, 2012]
Ans. (i) High growth rate of population.
(ii) Lack of job opportunities in the secondary sector.
(iii) Income inequalities.
(iv) Lack of land resources.
3. Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India. [CBSE March 2012]
Or
Explain any three causes for the widespread poverty in India.
[CBSE March 2012]
Ans.
(i) Lack of Industrialisation :
India is very backward from the industrial point of view. Hardly 3 per cent of the total working population is engaged in the large-scale industry.
(ii) Over dependence on agriculture:
Even after more than 60 years of independence more than 60 per cent of our total population still depends on agriculture for its livelihood. Due to shortage of inputs, our agriculture is backward.
(iii) Inflationary pressure:
Upward trend in prices adversely affects the poor sections of the society.
(iv) Unemployment :
Due to lack of job opportunities, more than 90 lakhs of our total working force is unemployed.
4. Describe the current government strategy of poverty alleviation.
[CBSE March 2011]
Or
Explain any four measures taken by the government to poverty. remove [CBSE March 2011]
Ans. The government has launched various poverty alleviation schemes to control poverty.
1. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005:
- It was passed in September 2005.
- The Act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts.
- Later, the scheme will be extended to 600 districts.
- One-third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for women. The central government will also establish National Employment Guarantee Funds.
2.National Food for Work Programme (NFWP):
It was launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country. The programme is open to all rural poor, who are in need of wage employment, and desire to do manual unskilled work.
3. The Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana (PMRY):
It was started in 1993. The aim of the programme is to create self employment opportunities for the educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns. They are helped in setting up small business and industries.
4. Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP):
REGP was launched in 1995. The aim of the programme is to create self-employment opportunities in rural areas and small towns. A target for creating 25 lakh new jobs has been set for the programme under the Tenth Five Year Plan.
5. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY):
It was launched in 1999. The programme aims at bringing the assisted poor families above the poverty line by organising them into self-help groups through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy.
5.Explain the two methods to estimate poverty line :
[CBSE March 2012]
Ans. 1. Expenditure method :
(i)Under the expenditure method, the minimum nutritional food requirement for survival is estimated.
(ii) The total minimum food requirement is first measured in calories. (iii) The calories is then converted into money value, i.e., in rupees.
 |
| Political Science |
Lesson 3
Electoral politics
1.Describe any four demerits of an electoral competition.
[CBSE March 2011]
Ans. It creates sense of disunity and factionalism in every locality.
(i) Political parties and leaders level allegation at each other.
(ii) Political parties and candidates often use dirty tricks to win elections.
(iii) Pressure to win election does not lead to the formulation of long term policies.
(iv) Good people who may wish to serve the country do not enter this arena. They do not like unhealthy competition.
2. Explain the role of the Election Commission in free and fair elections. [CBSE March 2012]
Ans. Functions of the Election Commission of India :
1. Allotment of Election Symbols:
The political parties of national standing are allotted permanent election symbols. These symbols help even an ordinary man to recognise the different parties instantly.
2. Preparation of Electoral Rolls:
Electoral Rolls are prepared in which the name, father's name, age and sex of the voters are clearly mentioned.
3. Fixing the Election Dates:
The Election date is announced so that the could easily cast their votes on that stores particular date.
3. Explain the elections procedure?
Ans.
1. Announcement of dates :
The election procedure starts with the announcement of dates.
2. Nomination by the candidates :
After the announcement of dates, the candidates file their nomination papers.
3. Scrutinizing of nomination papers:
The nomination papers are scrutinized on the fixed date. The incomplete or incorrect papers are rejected by the commission.
4. Withdrawal of nominations :
The candidates are given a date for the withdrawal of their names.
5. Publication of the final list :
After the withdrawal the final list is printed. Election symbols are allotted to the candidates.
4. Explain the major challenges to free and fair elections.
[CBSE March 2011, 2012)
Ans.
1. Use of Money :
Candidates and parties with a lot of money may not be sure of their victory, but they do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller parties.
2. Criminals and Politics :
In some push others out of the electoral race, and to secure a ticket' from the major parties.
3. Nepotism:
Some families tend to dominate political parties; tickets are distributed to relatives from these families.
4. Corrupt Politicians :
Most of the candidates are corrupt, and very often, elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens
5.Define elections. Explain the nomination process as practiced in Indian elections.
Ans. It is a process by which representatives get elected, which will further make policies and rule our country.
Nominations process :
(i) Party tickets are given
(ii) Nominations form is filled
(iii) Security amount is deposited
(iv) Nomination papers are scrutinized.
Lesson 4
Working of institutions
1. Compare the powers, tenure and working of the both the houses of the Indian Parliament.
[CBSE March 2011]
Ans.
Lok Sabha
Tenure:
Five years but it can be dissolved before h the expiry of its term.
Elections:
Members are directly elected.
Power:
It is more powerful as it has more members.
Rajya Sabha
Tenure:
It is a permanent house. A member stays for 6 years.
Elections:
Members indirectly elected.
Power:
It is less powerful as it has less members.
2. Explain the major powers and functions of the Prime Minister.
[CBSE March 2011, 2012]
Ans.
(i) Link :
The Prime minister is the link between the Cabinet and the President. The decisions of the Cabinet are conveyed to the President through the Prime Minister.
(ii) Formation of the Cabinet:
The Prime Minister prepares the list of his Council of Ministers and sends it to the President. He can reshuffle his Council of Ministers whenever he likes.
(iii) Leader of the Lok Sabha:
The Prime Minister presides over the meetings of the Cabinet. He maintains co-ordination between different departments of the government.
(iv) Foreign Affairs :
The Prime Minister plays an important role in the management of foreign affairs. He formulates the internal and external policies of the country.
(v) Leader of the Party:
The Prime Minister has the main say in framing the policy of his party.
3. Explain the major powers of the President.
[CBSE March 2012]
Ans. (1) Administrative Head:
He is the head of the State. The administration of the country runs in his name. All orders are issued in his name.
(ii) Appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers:
He appoints the Prime Minister and on his advice, he appoints other ministers in the Council of Ministers. He administers the oath of office to them.
(iii) To summon and prorogue the Parliament:
He summons both Houses of the Parliament to session. He directs a joint session of both Houses to be held. He can also prorogue the Parliament.
(iv) To dissolve the Lok Sabha :
The President has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister, before the expiry of its full term.
4. Explain the major powers and functions of the Parliament.
[CBSE March 2011]
Ans.
(i)Legislative Powers:
The Parliament can make laws on all those subjects which have been given in the Union List and the Concurrent List. Under certain cases, it can also make laws on those subjects which have been given in the State List.
(ii) Control over Finance :
The annual budget of the Central Government is passed by Parliament. Without Parliament's approval, the government cannot impose any tax or incur any expenditure.
(iii) Control over the Executive :
The Parliament can seek information regarding administration, It can pass a resolution of no confidence against the ministry, and ask it to resign.
(iv) Amendment or New Law :
No amendment can be made in the Constitution without the approval of the Parliament.
(v) Functions related to Elections :
The Parliament elects the President, the Vice-President, Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Deputy Speaker.
5. Discuss the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
[CBSE March 2011]
Or
Write a short note on the Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
Ans.
(i) Original Jurisdiction:
The original jurisdiction extends to those cases which the Supreme Court has the authority to hear and decide in the first instance.
(a) Between citizens of the country:
(b) Between citizens and government;
(c) Between two or more state governments; and
(d) Between governments at the union and state level.
(ii) Appellate Jurisdiction:
It is the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases. It can hear appeals against the decisions of the High Courts.
(iii) Advisory Jurisdiction :
As the highest court in the country, the Supreme Court gives legal advice to the President of India on any legal or constitutional matter referred to it. However, the advice is not binding on the Supreme Court.
(iv) Guardian of the Constitution:
The Supreme Court acts as the guardian, and final interpreter of the Constitution.
(v) Guardian of Fundamental Rights:
The Supreme Court also acts as a guardian of the fundamental rights of the citizens.