Planning development
- Class: 12th
- Subject: Social Science (Political Science)
- Topic: Planning Development
- Resources: Notes, Important Questions
Class 12 Social Science (Political science ) -Planning development Get notes here, questions for class 12th. Those candidates who are ambitious to pass class 12 with good marks, can check this article for notes, by practicing this resource, the candidates get to know that their weak areas and good for the exam How to prepare.
Politics of planning development
- Political contestation
- Ideas of development
- Planning
- Major outcomes
- Later development
- Planning Commission
- Nature of planning
Planning Commission of India was set up in 1950 by a simple resolution of the Government of India.
It is supposed to be 'advisory' in nature but in reality it is very powerful and is called the "Economic Cabinet of the Country".
Composition of the Planning Commission.
• The Planning Commission consists of the Prime Minister as its chairman, some ministers who are incharge of economic portfolios and some other members.
• The Planning Commission is a multi member body. The members have a high public image and have an administrative and educational background.
Two advantages of planning.
The two advantages of planning are:
(i) It helps to reduce the wastage of time and resources and thus facilitates the optimum use of the country's natural and human resources.
(ii) It helps the country to advance and progress and thus increase the per capita income.
"Mixed Economy".
Mixed Economy is an economy where both the public and private sectors coexist.
(i) In this system both the sectors work within the invisible hand of the market and the visible hand of planning.
(ii) "Mixed Economy" states that state owned means of production are to aim at social welfare and private owned means of production are to be regulated by the state.
Thus, the aim of such an economy was to attain rapid economic development and ensure that no exploitative and restrictive tendencies emerged in the economy.
Aim, objectives and functioning of NITI Aayog.
- "NITI Aayog" - the full form is National Institution of Transforming India". It was constituted in the place of Planning Commission on 1st January 2015.
- Its main objective is to provide the necessary and technical advice to the Union Government regarding policy making of the central and state levels.
- The ex-officio-Chairman of NITI Aayog is the Prime Minister of India. He appoints the vice-chairperson of NITI Aayog. The first chairperson of NITI Aayog was Mr. Arwind Panagariya. The present vice-chairperson is Dr. Rajiv Kumar.
- NITI Aayog acts as a think tank of the Union Government in order to harmonize the interests of national security and economic policy. To prepare strategic and long-term framework, NITI Aayog acts like a guide to the decision makers.
- Apart from all these, NITI Aayog has adopted a "Bottom-up Approach" in the spirit of cooperative federalism and ensures equal participation of all states in the country.
- National Development Council or Rashtriya Vikas Parishad is the apex body for decision creating and deliberations on development matters of India. It was set up on 6th August 1952.
- It is Presided over by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi. The Union Ministers, Chief Ministers and Representatives of all states and Union Territories are also the part of NDC.
THE EARLY INITIATIVES
• The First Five Year Plan [1951-56] focused on agricultural development and land reforms drafted by K.N. Raj.
• The Second Five Year Plan [1956-1961] focused on rapid industrialisation drafted by PC. Mahalanobis. The Third Five Year Plan [1961-1966] focused on technological development and infrastructural development.
Key controversies
- Agricultural vs Industry
Argument supported Agricultural Development
Argument supported Industrial Development
- Public vs Private sector
Mixed Economy
Major outcomes
Land Reforms
- Abolition of zamindari system.
- Consolidation of land Ceiling or upper limit
Largest Developmental Projects
- Construction of mega dams for irrigation and power generation. e.g. Bhakhra-Nangal dam and Hirakud dam.
Green Revolution
- Technological pack age for the agricultur al development.
- Introduced HYV seeds, irrigation, pesticides and insecticide.
Analyse the White Revolution in Gujarat.
. The White Revolution in Gujarat was started by "Verghese Kurien known as the "Milkman of India". He launched the "Gujarat Cooperative Milk and Marketing Federation Ltd.'
This federation further launched Amul. Based in Anand, a town in Gujarat 'Amul' is a dairy cooperative movement joined by about 2 and half million milk producers in Gujarat.
• The Amul pattern became a uniquely appropriate model for rural development and poverty alleviation, what has come to be known as the White Revolution.
• To follow up in 1970 the rural develop ment programme called Operation Flood was started.
• "Operation Flood" was however, not just a dairy programme, it saw dairying as a path to development for generating employment and income for rural households and alleviating poverty.
The Green Revolution
The Green Revolution is a package of a new strategy of agricultural practices which resulted in increased yields of crops, especially foodgrains. The increase in the production is as a result of high-yielding variety of seeds, fertilisers and scientific irrigation.
Features of green revolution
(i) To follow up the government offered high-yielding variety of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and better irrigation at highly subsidised prices.
(ii) The government also gave a guarantee to buy the produce of the farmers at a given price.
Two positive consequences of green revolution
The Green Revolution had two positive effects such as:
(i) Opened the path for left wing organisations:
One was that in many parts, the stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords produced conditions favourable for left wing organisations to organise the poor peasants.
(ii) Gave rise to the Middle peasant sections: Secondly, the Green Revolution also resulted in the rise of what is called the "Middle peasant sections". These were farmers with medium size holdings, who benefitted from the changes and soon emerged politically influential in many parts of the country.
Two Negative Consequences
(i) The Green Revolution created a stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords.
(ii) Secondly, the Green Revolution delivered only a moderate agricultural growth i.e. rise in wheat production and raised availability of food in the country, but increased polarisation between classes and regions. For example, some regions like Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh became agriculturally prosperous while others remained backward.