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New centers of power
- Class: 12th
- Subject: Social Science (Political Science)
- Topic: New centers of powers
- Resources: Notes, Important Questions
Class 12 Social Science (Political science ) es Get notes here, questions for class 12th. Those candidates who are ambitious to pass class 12 with good marks, can check this article for notes, by practicing this resource, the candidates get to know that their weak areas and good for the exam How to prepare.
Political science lesson 3
New centers of power
Class 12th
European Union
• European integration after 1945 was aided by the Cold War. America extended massive financial help for reviving Europe’s economy under what was called the ‘Marshall Plan’.
• Under the Marshall Plan, the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) was established in 1948 to channel aid to the west European states.
• The Council of Europe established in 1949 was another step forward in political cooperation. The
process of economic integration of European capitalist countries proceeded leading to the formation of the European Economic Community in 1957.
• After the collapse of Soviet bloc, European Union was established in 1992. It has its own flag, anthem, founding date and currency.
• European union was the world’s largest economy in 2005. It had a GDP of more than US $17 trillion in 2016. Its share of world trade is much larger than that of the United States. Its currency, the euro, can pose a threat to the dominance of US dollar.
• Militarily, the EU’s combined armed forces are the second largest in the world. Its total spending on defence is second after the US. Two EU member states, France and Britain, also have nuclear arsenals of approximately 550 nuclear warheads. It is also the world’s most important source of space and communication technology.
On the political and diplomatic ground, Britain and France, the two members of EU are permanent members of the UN Security Council.
Association of South East Asian nations (ASEAN)
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established in 1967 by five countries of this region - Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand by signing the Bangkok Declaration.
• On the ASEAN logo, the ten stalks of paddy (Rice) represent the ten South East Asian countries bound together in friendship and solidarity. The circle symbolises the unity of ASEAN.
• The objectives of ASEAN were primarily to accelerate economic growth and through that ‘social progress and cultural development’. A secondary objective was to promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United Nations Charter.
• ASEAN countries have adopted the ‘ASEAN way’ as a form of interaction that is informal, non-confrontationist and cooperative.
• In 2003, ASEAN moved along the path of establishing an ASEAN community comprising three pillary, namely, the ASEAN security community, the ASEAN Economic Community and the ASEAN Sociocultural community.
• ASEAN had several agreements in place by which member states promised to uphold peace, neutrality, cooperation, non-interference and respect for national differences and sovereign rights.
• ASEAN has focused on creating a Free Trade Area (FTA) for investment, labour and services.
• ASEAN vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community. This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflicts in the region.
• India signed trade agreements with three ASEAN members, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. The ASEAN-India FTA came into effect in 2010.
The Rise of the Chinese Economy
• China has been growing as an economic power since 1978. It is projected to overtake the US as the world’s largest economy by 2040. Its economic integration into the region makes it the driver of East Asian growth.
• After the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, under the leadership of Mao, its
economy was based on the Soviet model. This model allowed China to use its resources to establish the foundations of an industrial economy on a scale that did not exist before.
• China ended its political and economic isolation with the establishment of relations with the United States in 1972. Premier Zhou Enlai proposed the ‘four modernisations’(agriculture, industry, science and technology and military) in 1973.
• By 1978, the then leader Deng Xiaoping announced the ‘open door’ policy and economic reforms in China.
• The privatisation of agriculture in 1982 was followed by the privatisation of industry in 1998. Trade barriers were eliminated only in Special Economic Zones (SEZs) where foreign investors could set up enterprises.
• Privatisation of agriculture led to a remarkable rise in agricultural production and rural incomes. The new trading laws and the creation of Special Economic Zones led to a phenomenal rise in foreign trade and become the most important destination for foreign direct investment (FDI) anywhere in the world.
• While the Chinese economy has improved dramatically, not everyone in China has received the benefits of the reforms.
• The rate of unemployment has risen, working conditions and female employment is bad.
• However, regionally and globally, China has become an economic power to reckon with.
India-China Relations
• Historically, there was limited political and cultural interaction between India and China.
• After independence, both states were involved in differences arising from the Chinese takeover of Tibet in 1950 and the final settlement of the Sino-Indian border.
• The conflict of 1962, in which India suffered military reverses, had long-term implications for India–China relations. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were downgraded until 1976.
• After the change in China’s political leadership from the mid to late 1970s, China’s policy became more reasonable and less ideological.
• A series of talks to resolve the border issue were also initiated in 1981.
• Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China in December 1988 provided the impetus for an improvement in India–China relations.
• Bilateral trade between India and China has increased from $338 million in 1992 to more than $84 billion in 2017. Both countries have agreed to cooperate with each other in areas that could otherwise create conflict between the two, such as bidding for energy deals abroad.
Timeline of European Integration
• April 1951: Six west European countries, France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg sign the Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
• 25 March 1957: These six countries sign the Treaties of Rome establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom).
• January 1973: Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom join the European Community (EC).
• June 1979: First direct elections to the European Parliament
• January 1981: Greece joins the EC.
• June 1985: The Schengen Agreement abolishes border controls among the EC members.
• January 1986: Spain and Portugal join the EC.
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• October 1990: Unification of Germany.
• 7 February 1992: The Treaty of Maastricht was signed establishing the European Union (EU).
• January 1993: The single market was created.
NCERT QUESTIONS:
1. What are the objectives of establishing regional organisations?
Ans: The regional organisations are established with the following objectives:
1. To make regional development at par the fast growing global economy.
2. To accelerate economic growth through the social progress and cultural development.
3. To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of United Nations Charter.
2. How does the geographical proximity influence the formation of regional organisations?
Ans: The geographical proximity influences the formation of regional organisations because:
1. It is influenced by almost some historical enmities and weaknesses.
2. Sometimes the similar interests come together.
3. Even fruitful areas for regional economy are also the result of geographical proximity.
3. What are the components of the ASEAN Visiong2020?
Ans: The com10nents of ASEAN Vision 2020 can be summed up as follows:
1. An ou.ward looking role in international community.
2. To encourage negotiations over conflicts in tie region.
3. To mediate tc end the conflicts i.e. Cambodian conflict, East Timor Crisis.
4.. Name the pillars aid objectives of ASEAN community.
Ans: The ASEAN community established the following three pillars:
1. The ASEAN Security Community
2. The ASEAN Economic Community
3. The ASEAN Socio-cultural Community.
The objectives of ASEAN community are as follows:
1. Territorial disputes should not escalate into armed confrontations.
2. To accelerate economic growth through social progress and cultural development.
3. To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United Nations Charter.
4. To establish dispute settlement mechanism to resolve economic disputes.
5. To create Free Trade Areas for investments, labour and services.
5. In what ways does the present Chinese economy differ from its command economy?
Ans1. It broke stagnancy of command economy.
2.Command economy lagged behind the industrial production but Chinese economy recovered it by privatisation of agriculture and industry.
3. The present Chinese economy established new trading laws and created Special Economic Zones leading higher rise in foreign trade. During Command economy the international trade was minimal and per capita income was very low.
6. What makes the European Union a highly influential regional organisation?
Ans: As a super national organisation, the European Union bears economic, political diplomacy and military influence as a regional organisation in the following manner:
1. Economic Influence:
(а) Three times larger share in world trade than the US.
(b) Its currency Euro, can pose a threat to the dominance of the US dollar.
(c) The EU functions as an important bloc in the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
2. Political and Diplomatic Influences:
(a) Two members of the EU, Britain and France hold permanent seats in the Security Council to influence the UN policies.
(b) The EU also includes various non-permanent members of the UNSC.
(c) The European Union play an influential role in diplomacy and negotiations except the military force i.e. the EU’s dialogue with China on human rights and environmental degradation is remarkable.
3. Military Influence:
(o) The EU’s combined armed fo^fees are second largest in the world.
(b) Its total expenditure on military is second to the US.
(c) Its two important members— Britain and France also experience nuclear ascends of 550 nuclear warheads.
(d) The EU is world’s second most important source of space and communications technology.
7. The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate your arguments.
Ans: The Indo-China relations experience strategically organised as rising economic powers in global politics and to play a major role in Asian economy after the end of Cold War. It can be proved on the following grounds:
1. The new economic policies of India and China have broken their economy from stagnancy.
2. The creation of special economic zones led to a phenomenal rise in foreign trade.
3. China has become the most important destination for foreign direct investment anywhere in the world. Hence, it has large reserves for foreign exchange to allow it to make big investment in other countries.
8. The peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisations. Justify this statement.
Ans: This statement represents the ASEAN Regional Forum and the European Union, where ASEAN Regional Forum is based on the notion not to escalate territorial disputes into armed confrontation:
1. The ASEAN is rapidly growing as a regional organisation with the Vision 2020 including an outward looking role in international community and to encourage negotiations over conflicts in the region.
2. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) maintains coordination of security and foreign policy.
9.What are the odds which limit the ability of EU?
Ans: European Union is a supernational organisation but in many areas its member states have their own foreign relations and defence policies that are often at odds as-
1. British Prime Minister Tony Blair supported the US’s Iraq invasion and many new members made US led ‘coalition of willing’ while Germany and France opposed it.
2. Denmark and Sweden have resisted the Maastricht treaty and the adoption of the Euro.
10. “The European Union is a nation state more than a Economic Union”. Justify the statement.
Ans: The European Union has now started to act more as a nation state because:
1. European Union has its own flag, anthem, founding date and common currency.
2. European Union bears common foreign and security policy.
3. The EU has made efforts to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members especially from Soviet bloc.
11. How can we say that ASEAN is an economic association?
Ans: To more extent it can be said that ASEAN is an economic association:
1. ASEAN Economic Community aims at to create open market and production based activities within ASEAN states.
2. ASEAN has created Free Trade Areas for investment, labour and services.
3. The current economic strength of ASEAN as a trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economies as India and China make this attractive proposition.
12. What are the objectives of ASEAN Economic Community?
Ans: The objectives of ASEAN Economic Community are as follows:
1. To create common market and production based activities within ASEAN states.
2. To aid social and economic development.
3. To resolve economic disputes, the existing dispute settlement mechanism has been improved.
4. Free Trade Areas for investment, labour and services have also been created.
13. How do ASEAN members commit to uphold peace and neutrality?
Ans: ASEAN members commit to uphold peace and neutrality-
1. ASEAN security community is based on the conviction that territorial disputes should not escalate into armed confrontation.
2. By 2003, ASEAN had several agreements among members states to uphold peace, neutrality, cooperation, non-interference, respect for national differences and sovereign rights.
3. ASEAN Regional Forum was established in 1994 to coordinate security and foreign policy.
14. What are economic challenges of China despite its economic development?
Ans: Though the Chinese economy has improved dramatically, still everyone in China has not been benefitted by the reforms which can be judged by the following facts-
1. Unemployment has risen. About 100 million people are looking for jobs.
2. Female employment and conditions are bad as in Europe of 18th and 19th centuries.
3. Increasing environmental degradation and corruption.
4. Rising economic inequality between rural and urban residents.
15.How did China end its political and economic isolation?
Ans: China had adopted Soviet model of economy. Despite development, China faced economic crisis as industrial production was not growing fast, international trade was minimal. Under these situations some major policy decisions were taken-
1. China established relations with the US in 1972.
2. China proposed four areas of modernisation as agriculture, industry, science and technology in 1973.
3. Open door policy was introduced to generate higher productivity by investment of capital and technology from abroad.
4. Privatisation of agriculture and industry in 1982 and 1998.
5. China set Special Economic Zones to remove trade barriers.
16.How did China rise to be an economic superpower? Assess.
Ans: China had adopted Soviet model of economy. Despite development, China faced economic crisis as industrial production was not growing fast, international trade was minimal. Under these situations some major policy decisions were taken-
1. China established relations with the US in 1972.
2. China proposed four areas of modernisation as agriculture, industry, science and technology in 1973.
3. Open door policy was introduced to generate higher productivity by investment of capital and technology from abroad.
4. Privatisation of agriculture and industry in 1982 and 1998.
5. China set Special Economic Zones to remove trade barriers.
6. The integration of Chinese economy and inter-dependencies has enabled China to have considerable influence with its trade partners.
7. The open door policy has stabilised the ASEAN economy.
8. China’s outward looking for investment and aid policies in Latin America and Africa are projecting China as a global player.
17.Discuss Indo-China relations.
Ans: The relations with China experienced friendly gestures from India as India signed popular ‘Panchsheel’ to develop Indo-China relations in 1954 and advocated China’s membership to the United Nations still, after 1957, various contentious issues arose in Indo-China relations-
1. In 1962, military conflict over a border dispute of MacMohan Line resulted an unwarranted claim by China which lies now in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin regions of Ladakh.
2. Differences arose from Chinese take over of Tibet in 1950 which was protested by India against China.
3. After Panchsheel, attack by China on India in 1962, to occupy larger territories of India, created a humiliation.
4. China’s assistance to Pakistan’s nuclear programme also created differences.
5. China’s military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar were viewed as hostile to Indian interests.
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