 |
| New centres |
- Class: 12th
- Subject: Social Science (Political Science)
- Topic: New centers of powers
- Resources: Notes, Important Questions
Class 12 Social Science (Political science ) es Get notes here, questions for class 12th. Those candidates who are ambitious to pass class 12 with good marks, can check this article for notes, by practicing this resource, the candidates get to know that their weak areas and good for the exam How to prepare.
New centre of power
 |
| European Union |
Economic Influence of EU
The economic influence of European Union is discussed below:
. The EU is the world's second biggest economy with a GDP of more than $17 trillion in 2016, next to the United States of America.
Its currency Euro can pose a threat to the dominance of US dollar.
. The EU's share of world trade is much larger than that of the United States allowing it to be more assertive in trade disputes with the US and China.
It has an economic influence over its closest neighbours as well as in Asia and Africa. Simons
It also functions as an important bloc in international economic organisations such as WTO.
Political and Diplomatic Influence of EU
The political and diplomatic influence of EU is discussed below
The EU also has political and diplomatic influence as two members of EU i.e. Britain and France, hold permanent seats in the UN Security Council with several non-permanent members.
• The EU is enabled to influence some US policies such as the current US position on Iran's Nuclear Programme.
Its diplomacy, economic investment and negotiations have been effective as in the case of its dialogue with China on human rights and environmental degradation. A
Military Influence of EU
The military influence of EU is discussed below •
The EU's combined armed forces are the second largest in the world and also come second after the total spending's of US in defence.
Britain and France as EU members also possess nuclear arsenal of 550 nuclear warheads.
It is also the world's second most important source of space and communication technology.
 |
| ASIAN |
Objective of ASEAN
The objectives of ASEAN are as follows
• To accelerate development : Economic growth, social progress and cultural development for properous and peaceful community of South-East Asian Nations.
• To promote regional peace : region peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law and the principles of the United Nations.
• To promote active work : collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interests in the economic, social, cultural, technical scientific and administrative fields.
•Trading and investment: The current economic strength of ASEAN, particularly its economic relevance as a trading and investment partner to emerging Asian nations like India and China, makes this an attractive proposition.
.Different types of trade agreement: During the Cold War, India's foreign policy did not give ASEAN enough attention to ASEAN. In recent years, however, India has attempted to make amendments. Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand are three ASEAN members with which it has linked trade agreements.
• In contrast to the EU, ASEAN has no ambition for supranational organisations and institutions.
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community
The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community aims to lift the quality of its people through cooperative activities that are people oriented, people-centred, environmentally, friendly and geared towards the promotion of sustainable development .
ASEAN Security Community
The ASEAN Security Community was based on the notion avoid territorial disputes, so that it would not escalate in armed confrontation.
For this, ASEAN had several agreements into force by which member states promised uphold peace, neutrality, cooperation, non-interference a respect for national differences and sovereign rights.
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was established in 190 carry out coordination of security and foreign policy.
ASEAN Economic Community
ASEAN is principally an economic association, while the ASEAN region is much smaller economy than US, the E and Japan's economy is growing much faster.
The objectives of ASEAN Economic Community are:
To create a common market and production base with ASEAN states to aid social and economic developmen the region.
To improve the existing ASEAN Dispute Settlement Mechanism for resolving economic dispute.
To create a Free Trade Area (FTA) for investment, labour and services. The US and China have already moved fast to negotiate FTAs and ASEAN.
ASEAN Vision 2020
1.ASEAN is rapidly growing into an important regional organisation with its Vision 2020, to define an outward looking role for ASEAN in international community.
2.It upon its existing policy to encourage negotiations over conflicts in the region.
3.Thus, ASEAN had mediate end of the Cambodian conflict, East Timor crisis and m annually to discuss East Asian cooperation.
4.The current economic strength of ASEAN is especially economic relevance as a trading and investment partn the growing Asian economics such as India and China makes this an attractive proposition.
5.India's foreign po did not gave much attention to ASEAN during Cold War years, but in recent times, it has tried to amend it and signed FTA's with three ASEAN members, Singapore, Thailand and Malaysia.
 |
| SAARC |
Objectives of SAARC
(South Asian Association for regional cooperation )
The objectives of SAARC are as follows
To promote the welfare of the people of South Asia ar improve their quality of life.
To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and to provide all individuals the opportunity to live in dignity and to re their full potential.
To promote and strengthen collective self-reliance am the countries of South Asia.
To contribute to mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of one another's problem.
To promote active collaboration and mutual assistan the economic, social, cultural, technical and scientifi fields.
To strengthen cooperation with other development countries.
To strengthen cooperation among themselves in international forums on matters of common interest
To cooperate with international and regional organis with similar aims and purposes.
SAARC and its Importance
SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the w population and 3.8% of the global economy.
Creating Synergies : It is the world's most densely populated region and one of the most fertile areas. countries have common tradition, dress, food and c and political aspects thereby synergising their actions.SAARC has initiated SAFTA to free trade zones for whole South Asia for collective economic activity.
Common Solutions :All SAARC countries have common problems and issues like poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, natural disasters, internal conflicts, industrial and technological backwardness, low GDP and poor socio-economic condition and uplift their living standards thereby creating common areas of developments and progress having common solutions.
Significance of SAARC for India
.The significance of SAARC for India can be summarised as below
Neighbourhood :First Primacy to the country's immediate neighbours.
Geostrategic Significance :
It can counter China through engaging Nepal, Bhutan, the Maldives and Sri Lanka in development process and economic cooperation.
Regional Stability
SAARC can help in creation of mutual trust and peace within the region.
Global Leadership
Role It offers India a platform to showcase its leadership in the region by taking up extra responsibilities.
Limitations of SAARC
SAARC is growing at a slow pace due to the political differences among its member states
Conflicts between India and Pakistan led to bilateral issues like Kashmir issue.
India's neighbours feared that India intends to dominate them by influencing at the political and societal level.
SAARC members in majority belong to developing or least developing countries which creates insufficiency of funds.
Factors responsible for the rise of Chinese economy
China is the third major alternative centre of power. It is the fastest growing economy. China at one time was based on Soviet model and at that time, it broke all the links with capitalist world.
Following are the factors responsible for rise of Chinese economy
Use of Soviet Model: China accepted the Soviet model and relied on its resources.
China decided to substitute imports by domestic goods and create state owned heavy industries from capital produced by agriculture.
Development of Industrial Economy :China used all its resources to develop an industrial economy. All citizens were provided education and health programmes.
Relationship With USA :China established relation with USA in 1972.
• Modernisation :Modernisation in field of agriculture, industry, military, science and technolog were proposed.
Major Policies :Announced Open Door Policy was announced by Deng Xiaoping in 1978, which aimed at generation of high productivity by investments in capital and technology from abroad.
Era of Privatisation : Privatisation of agriculture in 1982 and privatisation of industry in 1998 was done.
Establishment of SEZS : Special Economic Zones were set up. State had a centralised role in setting up of China's economy.