 |
| The age of industrialisation |
Proto-industrialisation
- Under this the whole process of production was decentralized.
- As the process was decentralized so it was difficult to supervise and ATOS maintain quality.
- Goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories.
Impact of Industrialisation the Indian weavers during the eighteenth century
(1) Collapse of local and foreign market:
Due to industrialisation in Britain, Indian export market collapsed. As British traders started exporting machine- made clothes to India, so their local market also shrank.
(ii) Shortage of raw material:
When the American Civil War broke out, and the cotton supplies from the United States were cut off, Britain turned to India. As raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices.
(iii) Clashes with Gomasthas:
Gomasthas were appointed by the government to supervise weavers to collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth. The Gomasthas acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So, the weavers clashed with them.
A Head Jobber
Jobber
(i) Jobber was an old and frusted worker of a firm whose job was to provide workers.
(ii) He was to get people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city, and provided them money in times li of crisis. 150
(iii) The jobber, therefore, became a person with some authority and power.
(iv) With the passage of time many of them began demanding money and gifts for their favour, and began controlling the lives of the workers.
Condition of the workers steadily declined in the early twentieth century Europe
(1) More workers than the demand:
There was an abundance of workers in the market than the demand. This had an adverse impact on the lives of the workers. Due to the shortage of work, most of the workers failed to get jobs. So they offered their services at lower wages.
(ii) Seasonality of work:
Seasonality of work in many industries meant prolonged periods without work. After the busy season was over, the poor were on the streets again.
(ii) Low real wages:
Though the wages increased somewhat in the early 19th century, but the increase was nullified by increase in prices. During the Napoleonic wars, the real wages fell significantly.
(iv) Poverty and unemployment:
At the best of times, till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10 per cent of the urban population was extremely poor. The unemployment rate was also very high.
(v) Housing problem:
Factory or workshop owners did not house the migrant workers. Many job seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or night in shelters.
Indian industrial growth during the First World War
(1) Decline of Manchester:
With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined.
(ii) Increase in demand:
With the decline of imports suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply.
(iii) Demand from army:
As the War prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs, i.e., jute bags, cloth for the army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles, and a host of other items.
(iv) New factories:
New factories were set up, and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new 10 workers were employed, and everyone was made to work for longer hours. Over the war years, industrial production boomed.
(v) Downfall of British industry and boon 508 for home industry:
After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market. Cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. Within the colonies, local industrialists gradually
The British manufacturers attempt to take over the Indian market with thehelp of advertisements
(1) Advertisement :
Advertisements through (CBSE Sept. 2012] newspapers, magazines, hoardings were the most important method used by the producers to expand the market and shaping a new consumer culture. Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary.
(ii) Labelling:
Labelling was another method used by the producers to expand their of market. When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels (and images on the cloth bundles.
(iii) Calendars :
By the nineteenth century, agnails manufacturers were printing calendars to l popularize their products. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people's homes to just as much as in offices and middle-class be apartments.
(iv) Images of important personages:
Along with the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs were also used to lure to consumers.
(v) Advertisement by Indian producers:
An Indian manufacturers were also using the same tactics. When Indian manufacturers advertised, the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation, then buy products that Indians produce. Finally, advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi.
The entrepreneurs or business groups in India during the 19th century
(1) Dwarakanath Tagore :
He was a leading trader of Bengal. Dwarakanath Tagore accumulated his wealth through China trade, before he turned to industrial investment. He set up six joint stock companies in the 1830s and 40s. Though his enterprises sank in the 19th century, yet he showed way to many of the China traders, who later became successful industrialists.
(ii) Dinshaw Petit :
He was a Parsi entrepreneur, and was the founder of the first textile mill in India.
(iii) Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata:
He is generally accepted as the "Father of Indian industry". He had accumulated his wealth partly from exports to China and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.